MySQL 查询 并集、交集、差集方式

目录

• MySQL查询交集、并集、差集
• 背景和使用的数据样本
• 基本语法
• 注意事项
• 总结

MySQL查询交集、并集、差集

背景和使用的数据样本

该章节学些主要涉及到Datawhale SQL 组队学习任务；

本次使用的数据，由Datawhale 开源提供，具体代码见文章尾部：各位看官可以直接复制到MySQL Workbench 上运行生成数据库和表格。

MySQL WorkBench 如何对数据进行我们常见的集合运算呢？

Union、 INTERSECT（遗憾的是MySQL 8.0 不支持该运算用where /in 实现）、EXCEPT（遗憾的是MySQL 8.0 不支持该运算，但巧妙的用where …Not in 实现），本博客日记主要记录一些注意事项。

那么MySQL如何处理交集和差集呢？

基本语法

Select <列名1>,<列名2>,<列名3>... from <表名>
union -- 或者其他 intersect、except、union all等）
Select <列名1>,<列名2>,<列名3>... from <表名>

注意事项

1.首先：任何执行Union、 INTERSECT、EXCEPT的语句

都要注意，该关键字前后的Select 语句中选择的列的数量要一致，不一致会提示错误：

select product_id, product_name   -- 注意这里是2选择查询两个列
from product
union 
select product_id, product_name  -- 这里的列的数量要与前面的列的数量一致
from product2;

正确的代码输出结果如下：

其次，select 语句中列数量不一致时，提示：

Error Code: 1222. The used SELECT statements have a different number of columns 0.000 sec

但是，对于select 中的选择的可以不一定是表格中原来就有的列表，此时能够正常查询数据表，具体如下：

select product_id, product_name
from product
union 
select product_id, "1"
from product2;

结果如下：

2.Union vs Union All 的区别

Union 操作，自动去重复，即两个或多个数据表中相同的行只吃出现一次；

若想要所有表中的对应的数据都显示的话，则需要用到Union all

3.select sysdate() ; 查询返回系统当前的时间；

select product_name, sale_price, purchase_price
from product
union 
select sysdate(), sysdate() , sysdate()
from product;

查询结果如下：

**4.MySQL 8.0 不支持交运算INTERSECT、except **

5. 查询差集：

-- 使用 IN 子句的实现方法
SELECT * 
  FROM product
 WHERE product_id NOT IN (SELECT product_id 
                            FROM product2)

结果：

/* v 9.08
SQL脚本的一些要点:
0.存储引擎使用 InnoDB, 字符集改为 utf8mb4 以更好地支持中文.
1.所有表名所使用的英文字母都改为小写(后续章节中,SQL查询中的表名也需要相应修改为小写)
2.所有列名所使用的英文字母确认为小写(后续章节中,SQL查询中的列名也需要相应修改为小写)
3.存在问题的数据, 例如 inventoryproduct 表的inventory_id列应为P开头的, 已修正为正确的数据.
4.需测试SQL脚本在命令行及各个客户端中是否能被正确执行.
  * MySQL Workbench 已测试通过
  * DBeaver 已测试通过(使用"执行SQL脚本(CTR+x)")
  * HeidiSQL 已测试通过
  * navicat 已测试通过
  * sqlyog 已测试通过
  * 命令行 测试未通过. 插入中文数据时提示" Data too long for column "product_name" at row 1"
*/
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/`shop` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci */ /*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION="N" */;

USE `shop`;

/*Table structure for table `chars` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `chars`;

CREATE TABLE `chars` (
  `chr` char(3) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`chr`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

/*Data for the table `chars` */

insert  into `chars`(`chr`) values ("1"),("10"),("11"),("2"),("222"),("3");

/*Table structure for table `empskills` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `empskills`;

CREATE TABLE `empskills` (
  `emp` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `skill` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`emp`,`skill`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

/*Data for the table `empskills` */

insert  into `empskills`(`emp`,`skill`) values ("平井","C++"),("平井","Oracle"),("平井","Perl"),("平井","PHP"),("平井","UNIX"),("渡来","Oracle"),("相田","C#"),("相田","Java"),("相田","Oracle"),("相田","UNIX"),("神崎","Java"),("神崎","Oracle"),("神崎","UNIX"),("若田部","Perl");

/*Table structure for table `inventoryproduct` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `inventoryproduct`;

CREATE TABLE `inventoryproduct` (
  `inventory_id` char(4) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `product_id` char(4) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `inventory_quantity` int NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`inventory_id`,`product_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

/*Data for the table `inventoryproduct` */

insert  into `inventoryproduct`(`inventory_id`,`product_id`,`inventory_quantity`) values ("P001","0001",0),("P001","0002",120),("P001","0003",200),("P001","0004",3),("P001","0005",0),("P001","0006",99),("P001","0007",999),("P001","0008",200),("P002","0001",10),("P002","0002",25),("P002","0003",34),("P002","0004",19),("P002","0005",99),("P002","0006",0),("P002","0007",0),("P002","0008",18);

/*Table structure for table `product` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `product`;

CREATE TABLE `product` (
  `product_id` char(4) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `product_name` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `product_type` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `sale_price` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `purchase_price` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `regist_date` date DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`product_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

/*Data for the table `product` */

insert  into `product`(`product_id`,`product_name`,`product_type`,`sale_price`,`purchase_price`,`regist_date`) values ("0001","T恤","衣服",1000,500,"2009-09-20"),("0002","打孔器","办公用品",500,320,"2009-09-11"),("0003","运动T恤","衣服",4000,2800,NULL),("0004","菜刀","厨房用具",3000,2800,"2009-09-20"),("0005","高压锅","厨房用具",6800,5000,"2009-01-15"),("0006","叉子","厨房用具",500,NULL,"2009-09-20"),("0007","擦菜板","厨房用具",880,790,"2008-04-28"),("0008","圆珠笔","办公用品",100,NULL,"2009-11-11");

/*Table structure for table `product2` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `product2`;

CREATE TABLE `product2` (
  `product_id` char(4) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `product_name` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `product_type` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `sale_price` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `purchase_price` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `regist_date` date DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`product_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

/*Data for the table `product2` */

insert  into `product2`(`product_id`,`product_name`,`product_type`,`sale_price`,`purchase_price`,`regist_date`) values ("0001","T恤","衣服",1000,500,"2009-09-20"),("0002","打孔器","办公用品",500,320,"2009-09-11"),("0003","运动T恤","衣服",4000,2800,NULL),("0009","手套","衣服",800,500,NULL),("0010","水壶","厨房用具",2000,1700,"2009-09-20");

/*Table structure for table `productcopy` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `productcopy`;

CREATE TABLE `productcopy` (
  `product_id` char(4) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `product_name` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `product_type` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `sale_price` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `purchase_price` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `regist_date` date DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`product_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

/*Data for the table `productcopy` */

/*Table structure for table `productins` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `productins`;

CREATE TABLE `productins` (
  `product_id` char(4) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `product_name` varchar(100) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `product_type` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `sale_price` int DEFAULT "0",
  `purchase_date` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `regist_date` date DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`product_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

/*Data for the table `productins` */

/*Table structure for table `producttype` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `producttype`;

CREATE TABLE `producttype` (
  `product_type` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `sum_sale_price` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `sum_purchase_price` int DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`product_type`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

/*Data for the table `producttype` */

/*Table structure for table `samplelike` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `samplelike`;

CREATE TABLE `samplelike` (
  `strcol` varchar(6) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`strcol`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

/*Data for the table `samplelike` */

insert  into `samplelike`(`strcol`) values ("abcdd"),("abcddd"),("abddc"),("abdddc"),("ddabc"),("dddabc");

/*Table structure for table `samplemath` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `samplemath`;

CREATE TABLE `samplemath` (
  `m` decimal(10,3) DEFAULT NULL,
  `n` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `p` int DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

/*Data for the table `samplemath` */

insert  into `samplemath`(`m`,`n`,`p`) values ("500.000",0,NULL),("-180.000",0,NULL),(NULL,NULL,NULL),(NULL,7,3),(NULL,5,2),(NULL,4,NULL),("8.000",NULL,3),("2.270",1,NULL),("5.555",2,NULL),(NULL,1,NULL),("8.760",NULL,NULL);

/*Table structure for table `samplestr` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `samplestr`;

CREATE TABLE `samplestr` (
  `str1` varchar(40) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `str2` varchar(40) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL,
  `str3` varchar(40) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

/*Data for the table `samplestr` */

insert  into `samplestr`(`str1`,`str2`,`str3`) values ("opx","rt",NULL),("abc","def",NULL),("山田","太郎","是我"),("aaa",NULL,NULL),(NULL,"xyz",NULL),("@!#$%",NULL,NULL),("ABC",NULL,NULL),("aBC",NULL,NULL),("abc太郎","abc","ABC"),("abcdefabc","abc","ABC"),("micmic","i","I");

/*Table structure for table `shopproduct` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `shopproduct`;

CREATE TABLE `shopproduct` (
  `shop_id` char(4) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `shop_name` varchar(200) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `product_id` char(4) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `quantity` int NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`shop_id`,`product_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

/*Data for the table `shopproduct` */

insert  into `shopproduct`(`shop_id`,`shop_name`,`product_id`,`quantity`) values ("000A","东京","0001",30),("000A","东京","0002",50),("000A","东京","0003",15),("000B","名古屋","0002",30),("000B","名古屋","0003",120),("000B","名古屋","0004",20),("000B","名古屋","0006",10),("000B","名古屋","0007",40),("000C","大阪","0003",20),("000C","大阪","0004",50),("000C","大阪","0006",90),("000C","大阪","0007",70),("000D","福冈","0001",100);

/*Table structure for table `skills` */

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `skills`;

CREATE TABLE `skills` (
  `skill` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`skill`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

/*Data for the table `skills` */

insert  into `skills`(`skill`) values ("Java"),("Oracle"),("UNIX");

总结

以上为个人经验，希望能给大家一个参考，也希望大家多多支持。