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教你使用Apache搭建Http下载服务器

【字号: 日期:2023-02-08 11:06:34浏览:14作者:猪猪
目录
  • 前言
  • Apache快速上手
  • 修改端口号
  • 设置访问限制
    • 配置文件参数详解
    • 限制连接量
    • 封禁ip
    • 设置账号密码访问
  • 参考

    前言

    前段时间因为某些原因,几大主流网盘都无法使用,正好手头上有台闲置的云服务器,于是就想来搭建一个文件下载服务,用户只需通过一个链接就能下载软件。

    Apache快速上手

    经过调研,发现Ubuntu采用Apache2这个软件就可以快速满足我的需求。

    安装Apache2

    apt-get install apache2

    安装好之后,启动Apache2服务:

    /etc/init.d/apache2 start 

    查看启动状态:

    /etc/init.d/apache2 status

    然后,访问服务器的公网ip或域名,就可以看到如下界面,此时说明Apache正常工作:

    最后在/var/www/html路径下,删除index.html,上传自己想要被下载的文件,再次访问,就可以进行下载了。
    (注:如果是云服务器,还需要在安全组开放80和443端口号)
    同时,也可以通过域名/文件名的方式直接给别人一个链接,进行下载。

    如果有一台单独的服务器用于临时文件的分享,这样很快就搞定了。
    下面来继续进行深入研究,考虑更现实的场景。

    修改端口号

    Apache2默认采用的是80端口号,因此直接通过公网ip或域名就能访问。现实中,很多服务器本身就部署了许多其它服务,80端口号往往被占用,因此就需要将Apache2改成其它访问端口。

    修改端口,首先需要修改/etc/apache2/ports.conf这个文件:
    这里吧80改成其它不冲突的端口号,我这里以1024为例

    #Listen 80
    Listen 1024
    <IfModule ssl_module>
            Listen 443
    </IfModule>
    <IfModule mod_gnutls.c>
            Listen 443
    </IfModule>

    然后修改/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf

    #<VirtualHost *:80>
    <VirtualHost *:1024>
            # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that
            # the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating

    注:这个文件中还有一个DocumentRoot,修改该参数可以调整文件系统的根路径。

    修改完成之后,重启apache2:

    /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

    此时,就可以通过访问域名:1024的形式访问到同样内容,例如我的服务器访问url为http://xdxsb.top:1024

    设置访问限制

    个人服务器很容易遭到别人的攻击,如果有人开好多线程来反复请求下载,这就将导致流量带宽消耗巨大,甚至会让服务器宕机。因此,长期提供下载服务的服务器必须设置访问限制。

    配置文件参数详解

    访问限制主要涉及到/etc/apache2/apache2.conf这个配置文件,首先来对该文件进行解读。
    这个文件内容如下:

    # This is the main Apache server configuration file. It contains the
    # configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
    # See http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/ for detailed information about
    # the directives and /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian about Debian specific
    # hints.
    #
    #
    # Summary of how the Apache 2 configuration works in Debian:
    # The Apache 2 web server configuration in Debian is quite different to
    # upstream's suggested way to configure the web server. This is because Debian's
    # default Apache2 installation attempts to make adding and removing modules,
    # virtual hosts, and extra configuration directives as flexible as possible, in
    # order to make automating the changes and administering the server as easy as
    # possible.
    # It is split into several files forming the configuration hierarchy outlined
    # below, all located in the /etc/apache2/ directory:
    #
    # /etc/apache2/
    # |-- apache2.conf
    # | `-- ports.conf
    # |-- mods-enabled
    # | |-- *.load
    # | `-- *.conf
    # |-- conf-enabled
    # | `-- *.conf
    # `-- sites-enabled
    # `-- *.conf
    #
    #
    # * apache2.conf is the main configuration file (this file). It puts the pieces
    # together by including all remaining configuration files when starting up the
    # web server.
    #
    # * ports.conf is always included from the main configuration file. It is
    # supposed to determine listening ports for incoming connections which can be
    # customized anytime.
    #
    # * Configuration files in the mods-enabled/, conf-enabled/ and sites-enabled/
    # directories contain particular configuration snippets which manage modules,
    # global configuration fragments, or virtual host configurations,
    # respectively.
    #
    # They are activated by symlinking available configuration files from their
    # respective *-available/ counterparts. These should be managed by using our
    # helpers a2enmod/a2dismod, a2ensite/a2dissite and a2enconf/a2disconf. See
    # their respective man pages for detailed information.
    #
    # * The binary is called apache2. Due to the use of environment variables, in
    # the default configuration, apache2 needs to be started/stopped with
    # /etc/init.d/apache2 or apache2ctl. Calling /usr/bin/apache2 directly will not
    # work with the default configuration.
    # Global configuration
    #
    #
    # ServerRoot: The top of the directory tree under which the server's
    # configuration, error, and log files are kept.
    #
    # NOTE! If you intend to place this on an NFS (or otherwise network)
    # mounted filesystem then please read the Mutex documentation (available
    # at <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/core.html#mutex>);
    # you will save yourself a lot of trouble.
    #
    # Do NOT add a slash at the end of the directory path.
    #
    #ServerRoot "/etc/apache2"
    #
    # The accept serialization lock file MUST BE STORED ON A LOCAL DISK.
    #
    #Mutex file:${APACHE_LOCK_DIR} default
    #
    # The directory where shm and other runtime files will be stored.
    #
    DefaultRuntimeDir ${APACHE_RUN_DIR}
    #
    # PidFile: The file in which the server should record its process
    # identification number when it starts.
    # This needs to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars
    #
    PidFile ${APACHE_PID_FILE}
    #
    # Timeout: The number of seconds before receives and sends time out.
    #
    Timeout 300
    #
    # KeepAlive: Whether or not to allow persistent connections (more than
    # one request per connection). Set to "Off" to deactivate.
    #
    KeepAlive On
    #
    # MaxKeepAliveRequests: The maximum number of requests to allow
    # during a persistent connection. Set to 0 to allow an unlimited amount.
    # We recommend you leave this number high, for maximum performance.
    #
    MaxKeepAliveRequests 100
    #
    # KeepAliveTimeout: Number of seconds to wait for the next request from the
    # same client on the same connection.
    #
    KeepAliveTimeout 5
    # These need to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars
    User ${APACHE_RUN_USER}
    Group ${APACHE_RUN_GROUP}
    #
    # HostnameLookups: Log the names of clients or just their IP addresses
    # e.g., www.apache.org (on) or 204.62.129.132 (off).
    # The default is off because it'd be overall better for the net if people
    # had to knowingly turn this feature on, since enabling it means that
    # each client request will result in AT LEAST one lookup request to the
    # nameserver.
    #
    HostnameLookups Off
    # ErrorLog: The location of the error log file.
    # If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a <VirtualHost>
    # container, error messages relating to that virtual host will be
    # logged here. If you *do* define an error logfile for a <VirtualHost>
    # container, that host's errors will be logged there and not here.
    #
    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
    #
    # LogLevel: Control the severity of messages logged to the error_log.
    # Available values: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,
    # error, crit, alert, emerg.
    # It is also possible to configure the log level for particular modules, e.g.
    # "LogLevel info ssl:warn"
    #
    LogLevel warn
    # Include module configuration:
    IncludeOptional mods-enabled/*.load
    IncludeOptional mods-enabled/*.conf
    # Include list of ports to listen on
    Include ports.conf
    # Sets the default security model of the Apache2 HTTPD server. It does
    # not allow access to the root filesystem outside of /usr/share and /var/www.
    # The former is used by web applications packaged in Debian,
    # the latter may be used for local directories served by the web server. If
    # your system is serving content from a sub-directory in /srv you must allow
    # access here, or in any related virtual host.
    <Directory />
    Options FollowSymLinks
    AllowOverride None
    Require all denied
    </Directory>
    <Directory /usr/share>
    AllowOverride None
    Require all granted
    </Directory>
    <Directory /var/www/>
    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
    AllowOverride None
    Require all granted
    </Directory>
    #<Directory /srv/>
    # Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
    # AllowOverride None
    # Require all granted
    #</Directory>
    # AccessFileName: The name of the file to look for in each directory
    # for additional configuration directives. See also the AllowOverride
    # directive.
    #
    AccessFileName .htaccess
    #
    # The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being
    # viewed by Web clients.
    #
    <FilesMatch "^\.ht">
    Require all denied
    </FilesMatch>
    #
    # The following directives define some format nicknames for use with
    # a CustomLog directive.
    #
    # These deviate from the Common Log Format definitions in that they use %O
    # (the actual bytes sent including headers) instead of %b (the size of the
    # requested file), because the latter makes it impossible to detect partial
    # requests.
    #
    # Note that the use of %{X-Forwarded-For}i instead of %h is not recommended.
    # Use mod_remoteip instead.
    #
    LogFormat "%v:%p %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" vhost_combined
    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O" common
    LogFormat "%{Referer}i -> %U" referer
    LogFormat "%{User-agent}i" agent
    # Include of directories ignores editors' and dpkg's backup files,
    # see README.Debian for details.
    # Include generic snippets of statements
    IncludeOptional conf-enabled/*.conf
    # Include the virtual host configurations:
    IncludeOptional sites-enabled/*.conf
    # vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet

    参数解释:

    • PidFile:记录服务器启动进程号的文件

    • Timeout:接收和发送前超时秒数

    • KeepAlive:是否允许稳固的连接(每个连接有多个请求),设为"Off"则停用

    • MaxKeepAliveRequests:在稳固连接期间允许的最大请求数,设为0表示无限制接入

    • KeepAliveTimeout:在同一个连接上从同一台客户上接收请求的秒数

    • User/Group:运行的用户和组

    • HostnameLookups:指定记录用户端的名字还是IP地址
      例如,本指令为on时记录主机名,如www.apache.org;为off时记录IP地址,204.62.129.132。默认值为off,这要比设为on好得多,因为如果设为on则每个用户端请求都将会至少造成对 nameserver 进行一次查询。

    • ErrorLog:错误日志文件定位

    • LogLevel:控制记录在错误日志文件中的日志信息
      可选值:debug,info,notice,warn,error,crit,alert,emerg

    • Directory:在标签对里面可以设置各文件夹属性

      • Options:控制在特定目录中将使用哪些服务器特性

        • All:除MultiViews之外的所有特性,这是默认设置
        • ExecCG:允许使用mod_cgi执行CGI脚本
        • FollowSymLinks:服务器允许在此目录中使用符号连接,如果此配置位于配置段中,则会被忽略
        • Includes:允许使用mod_include提供的服务器端包含
        • IncludesNOEXEC:允许服务器端包含,但禁用"#exec cmd"和"#exec cgi",但仍可以从ScriptAlias目录使用"#include virtual"虚拟CGI脚本
        • Indexes:如果一个映射到目录的URL被请求,而此目录中又没有DirectoryIndex(例如:index.html),那么服务器会返回由mod_autoindex生成的一个格式化后的目录列表
        • MultiViews:允许使用mod_negotiation提供内容协商的"多重视图"(MultiViews)
        • SymLinksIfOwnerMatch:服务器仅在符号连接与其目的目录或文件的拥有者具有相同的uid时才使用它。 如果此配置出现在配置段中,则将被忽略
      • AllowOverride:确定允许存在于.htaccess文件中的指令类型
        语法:AllowOverride All|None|directive-type [directive-type]
        如果此指令被设置为None ,那么.htaccess文件将被完全忽略。
        directive-type可以是下列各组指令之一:

        • AuthConfig : 允许使用与认证授权相关的指令
        • FileInfo : 允许使用控制文档类型的指令、控制文档元数据的指令、mod_rewrite中的指令、mod_actions中的Action指令
        • Indexes : 允许使用控制目录索引的指令
        • Limit : 允许使用控制主机访问的指令
      • Order:控制默认的访问状态与Allow和Deny指令生效的顺序

        • Deny,Allow : Deny指令在Allow指令之前被评估。默认允许所有访问。任何不匹配Deny指令或者匹配Allow指令的客户都被允许访问
        • Allow,Deny : Allow指令在Deny指令之前被评估。默认拒绝所有访问。任何不匹配Allow指令或者匹配Deny指令的客户都将被禁止访问
        • Mutual-failure : 只有出现在Allow列表并且不出现在Deny列表中的主机才被允许访问。这种顺序与"Order Allow,Deny"具有同样效果
      • Allow:控制哪些主机可以访问服务器的该区域。可以根据主机名、IP地址、 IP地址范围或其他环境变量中捕获的客户端请求特性进行控制。
        语法:Allow from all|host|env=env-variable [host|env=env-variable]

      • Deny:控制哪些主机被禁止访问服务器的该区域。可以根据主机名、IP地址、 IP地址范围或其他环境变量中捕获的客户端请求特性进行控制。
        语法:Deny from all|host|env=env-variable [host|env=env-variable]

      • Require:访问限制
        - all granted:表示允许所有主机访问
        - all denied:表示拒绝所有主机访问
        - local:表示仅允许本地主机访问
        - [not] host <主机名或域名列表>:表示允许或拒绝指定主机或域名访问
        - [not] ip <IP地址或网段列表>:表示允许或拒绝指定的IP地址或网段访问

    • AccessFileName:设置分布式配置文件的名字,默认为.htaccess
      如果为某个目录启用了分布式配置文件功能,那么在向客户端返回其中的文档时,服务器将在这个文档所在的各级目录中查找此配置文件

    • <FilesMatch"^.ht">:拒绝对.ht开头文件的访问,以保护.htaccess文件

    • LogFormat:定义访问日志的格式

    限制连接量

    通过上面对配置文件参数的研究,注意到MaxKeepAliveRequests这个参数限制了对于单个连接最大的访问量为100,因此无需担心单线程脚本反复频繁请求的问题。
    那么对于高并发的请求,Apache是否有默认设置的策略呢?也是有的,从2.0开始,apache引入了MPM(Multi-Processing Module,多进程处理模块),MPM有prefork, worker和event这三种模式[4],可以通过下面的命令查看当前apache所采用的模式:

    apachectl -V | grep -i mpm

    默认采用的应该是event模式。

    这个模式的配置文件位于/etc/apache2/mods-availablempm_event.conf
    默认参数:

    <IfModule mpm_event_module>
            StartServers             2
            MinSpareThreads          25
            MaxSpareThreads          75
            ThreadLimit              64
            ThreadsPerChild          25
            MaxRequestWorkers        150
            MaxConnectionsPerChild   0
    </IfModule>
    

    参数解释:

    • StartServers:启动时进程数
    • MinSpareThreads:最小空闲线程数
    • MaxSpareThreads:最大空闲线程数
    • ThreadLimit:每个进程可以启动的线程数量上限值
    • ThreadsPerChild:每个进程可以启动的线程数量
    • MaxRequestWorkers:线程数量最大值
    • MaxConnectionsPerChild:最大连接数限制

    我这里没去调整,先用JMeter来进行一个多线程并发测试:
    JMeter下载地址:https://jmeter.apache.org/download_jmeter.cgi

    解压之后,运行apache-jmeter-5.5/bin/jmeter.bat,即可启动。

    创建一个线程组,我这设置了1000个线程数,时间设为0.01秒

    再设置HTTP请求,填写请求域名,端口号,文件路径

    测试结果显示,请求失败率为16%,因此我这小破服务器,基本上1000个并发请求都难以满足。

    封禁ip

    如果面对恶意攻击,那最快解决问题的办法无疑是封禁它的ip,这里尝试一下封禁本机ip,看看是否有效。

    首先查询本机ip,直接在百度搜索ip,即可查询到公网ip,注意这里一定要是公网ip,通过ipconfig查询出的是内网ip。

    修改配置文件:

    vim /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

    修改/var/www/文件内容:

    <Directory /var/www/>
            Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
            AllowOverride None
            <RequireAll>
                    Require all granted
                    Require not ip 111.11.81.152
            </RequireAll>
    </Directory>

    重启服务:

     /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

    再次访问,发现权限受限,说明设置成功。

    拓展:如果只允许某个固定ip访问,那么可以这样修改:

    <Directory /var/www/>
            Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
            AllowOverride None
            # Require all granted
            Require ip 111.11.82.8
    </Directory>

    设置账号密码访问

    对于某些私密文件,可以进一步配置账号密码进行身份验证。

    首先创建一个文件夹用来保存用户信息:

    mkdir -p /usr/local/conf

    然后创建用户:

    htpasswd -c /usr/local/conf/.usr zstar
    

    zstar是我创建的用户名

    输入密码后,Apache会以密文方式存储密码,可以通过下面的方式查看用户名和密码密文:

    cat /usr/local/conf/.usr

    再次修改配置文件:

    vim /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
    

    修改内容:

    <Directory /var/www/>
            Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
            AllowOverride All
            AuthName "apache"
            AuthType Basic
            AuthUserFile "/usr/local/conf/.usr"
            Require user zstar
    </Directory>
    

    重启服务:

     /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

    再次访问,成功弹出登录验证,说明配置成功。

    参考

    [1]ubuntu搭建http服务器用于下载ubuntu文件:https://blog.csdn.net/yy1695990107/article/details/116976994
    [2]Apache2 httpd.conf 配置详解:https://blog.csdn.net/assassinice/article/details/78854139
    [3]Apache的访问控制:https://blog.csdn.net/m0_54434140/article/details/122249712
    [4]apache2三种模式及参数调优:https://blog.csdn.net/zhihui1017/article/details/54959194

    到此这篇关于教你使用Apache搭建Http下载服务器的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关Apache搭建Http下载服务器内容请搜索以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持!

    标签: Apache Linux